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When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe (Studies in Cultural History), by Steven Ozment
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Here is a lively study of marriage and the family during the Reformation, primarily in Gemany and Switzerland, that dispels the commonly held notion of fathers as tyrannical and families as loveless.Did husbands and wives love one another in Reformation Europe? Did the home and family life matter to most people? In this wide-ranging work, Steven Ozment has gathered the answers of contemporaries to these questions. His subject is the patriarchal family in Germany and Switzerland, primarily among Protestants. But unlike modern scholars from Philippe Arics to Lawrence Stone, Ozment finds the fathers of early modern Europe sympathetic and even admirable. They were not domineering or loveless men, nor were their homes the training ground for passive citizenry in an age of political absolutism. From prenatal care to graveside grief, they expressed deep love for their wives and children. Rather than a place where women and children were bullied by male chauvinists, the Protestant home was the center of a domestic reform movement against Renaissance antifeminism and was an attempt to resolve the crises of family life. Demanding proper marriages for all women, Martin Luther and his followers suppressed convents and cloisters as the chief institutions of womankind's sexual repression, cultural deprivation, and male clerical domination. Consent, companionship, and mutual respect became the watchwords of marriage. And because they did, genuine divorce and remarriage became possible among Christians for the first time.
This graceful book restores humanity to the Reformation family and to family history.
- Sales Rank: #1048339 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Harvard University Press
- Published on: 1985-10-01
- Released on: 1985-11-14
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.25" h x .63" w x 6.13" l, .81 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 248 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
Every few years scholarly books on the Reformation are written in this country that challenge established theories, present fresh insights, and stimulate our research. In a sense they are milestones in the field of Reformation studies. I think that Steven Ozment's well-researched book will also be recognized as such a work. Ozment's skillful use of hitherto-neglected material and his vivid picture of marriage and family in Protestant Germany will give a new direction to sixteenth-century social history. (American Historical Review)
As an account of literate culture's attitudes to marriage and parenthood, it is gripping and challenging. (Journal of Modern History)
Our common understanding of the early modern family, and particularly its relationship to the Reformation, will have to take cognizance of Ozment's work. (Journal of Social History)
This is a splendid book on a ‘hot’ topic…an original if controversial argument… Skillfully argued and artfully documented… Fascinating fresh evidence. (Robert Kingdon, University of Wisconsin)
About the Author
Steven Ozment is McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard University. He is the author of Flesh and Spirit and The Bürgermeister’s Daughter.
Most helpful customer reviews
14 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
Ozment's Historical Jewel!
By Jason Wollard
"When Fathers Ruled" comes highly recommended by R. J. Rushdoony, and for good reason. (We should always take seriously the recommendations from a man who read 40,000 books in his lifetime). Steven Ozment begins this jewel of a work by informing us of the pathetic state of marriage at the dawn of the sixteenth century. Neo-Platonism* reigned supreme within the Church during the late Middle Ages (as it does today, except without the misogyny, that is, hatred of women--women were viewed then as less "spiritual" than were men, quite a contrast to Victorianism!), and this carried on past the Renaissance. Along with the neo-Platonic disdain for marriage (for "spiritual" reasons) among primarily the clergy, monks, and nuns was an equally unhealthy disdain from the lawless populace, those who preferred fornication and adultery in the local whorehouses. Not only did the Reformers have to contest neo-Platonism and its despising of the familial institution, but they also had to contest Roman Catholic marriage laws, which did more harm than good for European society. The Reformers found the allowance of "secret" marriages and the various "impediments" to marriage by the Roman Catholic Church to be most disruptive to European society, and they set about to change these laws. Reading this book is somewhat of an eye-opener if one tends to hearken back to the Reformation era with romantic notions of a near-perfect society. The Reformers, as Ozment teaches, faced much defiance during their perverse times. Ozment details many curiosities, including the "kidnapping" of nuns from convents and nunneries (Ozment calls them "cloisters") by their newly-converted, Protestant relatives. Perhaps the Reformers' best contribution to the family was the restoration of the biblical roles of husband/father and wife/mother. They attacked with equal vehemence the woman who usurped the role of her covenant head and the "lion" of a husband who terrorized his wife. Women were perhaps the largest beneficiaries of their reforms. With the help of the Reformers women began to see the convent, and its various abuses, as less than ideal, and they embraced biblical marriage instead. Prior to the Reformation some towns held eight times more cloistered women than men (this was primarily due to misogyny). Not so afterwards. Some, as previously mentioned, had to be "rescued" by loved-ones while a few escaped on their own. One thing was certain, though: there would no longer be convents and nunneries so full that many women had to be sent away for lack of room. The 1520s saw a transformation in how men viewed women. The young generation of women in the 1520s, at least in Lutheran Germany, shunned the convents and embraced covenantal marriage, arguably, unlike any time in centuries past. Ozment then goes on to detail the various marriage and divorce laws in several cities, e.g., Zurich, Basel, and Nuremberg, and their accompanying problems. He spends a whole chapter on wives' tales within the art of midwifery and early "medicine" and offers a fine chapter on child-rearing, which was then taught according to the Bible, for the most part. When Fathers Ruled represents the best historical work on the family that I've read. Ozment cites anecdotes that will make you scratch your head, laugh out loud, cringe with horror, and, perhaps, even cry. Ozment's main point of the book is this: if you want to reform the world, then you must first reform your own household. World-wide reformation will not occur as long as we fail to properly raise our children. The only deficiency of this book is that the discussion rarely extends beyond Lutheran Germany.
* For a thorough understanding of neo-Platonism see Ignatius Loyola's various writings and study his behavior in particular. Neo-Platonism is characterized by an extreme exaltation of the eternal/spiritual over and against the temporal/physical. The spirit, soul, and body of man were all originally created good (as well as the created order in general), but neo-Platonists see the body and soul (even after salvific regeneration) as intrinsically inferior, if not evil (as well as the world); hence, they tend to be ascetic (self-abasers) and anti-intellectual. Moreover, neo-Platonists see man's problem as metaphysical rather than ethical. Man's not in rebellion to God; he is just trapped in an evil body. Thus, they reject biblical salvation. The telos (end) for neo-Platonists is their escape from the world (and all its responsibilities). For an excellent introduction to this idea, see R. J. Rushdoony's "The Flight From Humanity."
11 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Ozment's _When Fathers Ruled_ deals in matters of the hearth
By A Customer
While most history of Reformation Europe will focus on the events in the pulpit, classroom, and council chamber, Ozment's _When Fathers Ruled_ returns to the hearthside to examine family life in the 16th century. Written in a scholarly but readable style -- and yes, the footnotes are worth examining -- Steven Ozment discusses the impact of the Reformation in the daily activities and home lives of both leader and follower in the pivotal era of the Second Millenium. Many of his observations are food for thought today, such as the impact of institutional childcare on the health (and longevity) of children in France. His quotations from popular books of the day -- the rise of which was as radical a development as the explosion of the Internet is today -- flesh out a portrait of a patriarchal society where most women may have been at home, but were most certainly not cut off from the thought and ferment of this tumultuous era. Many of the footnotes cite the original German with non-standard spelling (the correction of which was a later outgrowth of Luther's Bible and Gutenburg's press, incidentally), which either adds to their charm or frustrates the "babelfish.com" dependent.
Overall, an excellent companion to d'Aubigne's _History of the Reformation_. Four stars.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Early Protestant family life as loving and liberating for all members
By wyclif
Excellent historical study of marriage and family during the Reformation that combats the typical PC doctrine of university history departments ("the Reformation was oppressive to women!") by bringing German and Swiss primary source documents to bear on the subject. In doing so, Ozment shows that Reformation family life was both loving and liberating to men, women, and children. Solidly academic, but with good storytelling and a provocative thesis. Highly recommended.
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